Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions Restorative justice is a holistic philosophy and a concept as it encompasses the offender, the victim and the society in which the offence was committed. It aims to bring a conclusive end to the offence committed by making some type of reparations for the malice inflicted, the hurt caused and the deepening of the urge to re-offend. Restorative justice, although a part of the criminal justice process, is not a part of the criminal justice system as one of its goals it to alleviate the damage caused by the criminal justice system on the offender and the victim. There are many explanations of the concept of restorative justice (Zehr, 1990, 1997; Van Ness, 1996; Van Ness Strong, 1997; Sherman Strong, 2007; Amour et al, 2008). This shows that the concept remains hard to define (McCold, 1999; Brazemore Schiff, 2001; Latimer et al, 2005; Pranis, 2007). However, at a United Nations Convention, a working definition was adopted and titled the Marshall Definition (McCold, 1999; Newell, 2002) the following is his definition: Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offence collectively solve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999). Mier (1998), attempts to define restorative justice without any reference to two of the circles namely the victim and society. In a later definition Menkel-Medow (2007) acknowledges Marshalls definition but attempts to be more concise: restorative justice in its most idealised form attempts to repair, restore, reconcile and rei ntegrate offenders and victims to each other and to their shared community. However, the United Nations and the Council of Europe have agreed that there are differences in the terminologies and ideologies on restorative justice (Roche, 2001; Mier et al, 2001; Johnstone et al, 2006). With or without an accurate definition the concept of restorative justice has been in use since the early 1970s in Canada and after became widely used and identified with; Victim offender mediation (VOM), conferencing, circles, victim assistance, ex-offender assistance, restitution and community service. Whereas retributive/criminal justice focuses on punishment, the restorative paradigm emphasizes accountability, healing, and closure (Umbriet, 1998) and looks at the offence as on the person and not on the state. One of the major consequences of restorative justice is the healing or closure for the victim of the offence. For too long the victim was made to suffer the offence many times over in the criminal justice system and in some cases feel a level of disrespect, as the case was dragged through court, this caused the victims to run that gauntlet of emotions over again and sometimes being unable to cope with those feelings they skip hearings or even cause the case to be quashed letting the offender go free and feeling that he had the advantage (Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Newell cited in Edgar, 2002.; Menkle-Medow, 2007; YJB, 2008) In the criminal justice system the victim is hardly ever given an opportunity to explain how the have been impacted by the offence and sometimes are not even given the chance to meet their offender in court, this can cause repression of emotions and further scaring, they are given very few real opportunities to become an active participant in the court pr ocess because the criminal justice system is all about the offender and not the victim (Herman Webster, 2005; Umbreit 1998; YJB, 2008). In restorative justice the emphasis ideally should be on all three sections relating to the offence; the victim, the offender and the society/community (Newell, 2002; Schiff, 2007; Marshall 1999) surrounding the offence, however a little more emphasis is placed in many cases on the victim, this type of mediation (Graef, 2000) makes the victims feel that they are an important factor (Graef, 2000; Crawford et al, 2003; Herman Webster, 2005; Angel, 2005; Kubanzky, 2007 cited in Sherman Strang, 2007). With restorative justice the victim feels a since of vindication understanding the reasons, if any, behind why they were targeted for the offence which sometimes lead to an understanding that this will not happen to them again, at least not by the hands of the same offender and that they were not the cause of the offence being inflicted upon them (Umbri et, 1998; Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Green 2007). As a result of restoration the victim is able to put a face to the crime and not be assailed with the fear that the culprit is still out there; watching them; even living next door to them or possibly a friend, they are more satisfied with the result (McCold et al 1998; Strang 2002; Sherman Strang 2007; Tudor, 2002.). The victims feel comfortable and are able to reintegrate themselves into society as a productive member (Umbriet, 1998; Marshall 1999; Graef, 2000). In cases where the victim is allowed to decide the retribution of the offender they can feel a sense of justice as the sentence is exactly what they want in order to feel retribution for the crime committed this assists in repairing the harm caused (Herman Webster, 2005; Schiff, 2007). Restorative justice is seen in these cases to be much more rehabilitative than any correctional programme in the criminal justice system because it is the human side of the offence (Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Tudor, 2002.) and it places emphasis on repairing relationships which are the tapestry of society (Schiff, 2007). Linda Radzik (2007) argues that restorative justice focuses heavily on the ability of the offender to take positive restorative action (Graef, 2000), she continues to point out that in all cases in order for this action to be fully restorative it must be sincere and voluntary (Umbreit 1994; Menkle-Medow, 2007). It must also be offered for the right reasons and must also be married with other sincere and voluntary efforts on the part of the offender, such as a change in behaviour (Radzik, 2007). Radzik (2007) also goes on to outline the necessary steps the offender needs to complete in order to be considered reformed under the restorative justice concept. One of the main consequences of restorative justice is that the offender is able to heal in a more positive and possibly holistic manner, thus limiting the impact of his suffering, to the criminal justice method of public shaming, this type of indirect shaming does not rehabilitate the offender but usually leads to further anger being internalised and then released as further offending (Graef, 2000). Within this system the offender is treated for the offence, this treatment may be for the psychological, psychiatric or other underlying problem which is underlying the offence committed and may not be limited to traditional medicated treatments but may take the form of counselling, examination of self and emotions and understanding the impact of their actions (Umbriet, 1998; Graef, 2000; Radzik, 2006; Schiff, 2007; Menkle-Medow, 2007). Sutton (2002) states that the restorative justice process provides a concrete manner in which offenders can confront their own behaviour and the damage i t causes. He goes on to say that the object is not to punish the offender of the prisoner but to show how they can become a part of the community even a prison community. Braithwaite (1989 cited in Graef, 2000) countered with the argument that shaming can be a useful tool in the restorative process and once used wisely forms a part of the offenders rehabilitation, this is called rehabilitative shaming. In order for restorative justice to work and healing to take place, the offender must take responsibility for their own actions and the effect on those impacted (Graef, 2000). Walgrave (2007 p.562) agrees that crime is a public event. The following excerpt sums up the result of the act of taking responsibility by the offender: In the restorative process, the victim has the opportunity to witness the offender taking responsibility for his or her actions and apologising for his or her behaviour. For the offender, this means taking responsibility for what happened, but doing so in a context in which he or she is reassured that he or she need to be defined by that action now ostracized forever by family, friends and community. Traditional processes tend to stigmatize both the act and the actor, in the restorative process the two are distinguished so that the offender having acknowledged responsibility and made reparations, can earn his or her way back to acceptance by the community (Brazemore, 1998 cited in Schiff, 2007 p.231). Another important result of the restorative justice process with respect to the offender is its effect on the offenders family. In many instances there are reports of the family of offenders having to hide from the public or even move to other countries, states and deny any relationship with the offender because the public is willing to take their revenge on the family if they cannot have the offender (Tudor, pp 16-19, 2002). This occurs too often to the detriment of the family and the offender. The offender usually look to their family for support, comfort and love no matter how heinous the crime, however if the family or support unit feels endangered by the actions of persons who are not in favour with the offender then they may not want to be in contact or may fall on foul deeds at the hands of another in society who in angry. The offenders also need a support system in order to reintegrate as a productive and valued member, usually loved ones are the bridge which they use to rega in trust and acceptance from society, if this is not there then there maybe a relapse (Graef, 2000, Sutton, 2002). In many cases restorative justice limits the suffering on the family of the offender. Sutton (2002) takes this a little further by proposing that prisons should be seen as extensions of the community and not a separate entity because it makes the offenders visible and he indicates that the prisons are community service vehicles or working communities (Graef, 2000; Sutton, 2002) and need to be seen as such, this he says is achieved through restorative justice. Through this restorative process the offender is able to re-evaluate their actions and use the network of support which is given to ensure that they never re-offend (Graef, 2000; Schiff, 2007). A recent briefing report on expenditure in the criminal courts by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) indicated that expenditure in the criminal courts system rose by as much as thirty-one percent to  £1027.89 million within the past three years, while staffing fell by fourteen percent (1,088 staff members) and the number of cases brought to the Crown Court increased by seventeen percent. This is a significant expenditure on any government for a criminal justice system. It is neatly summed up by Schiff (2007) when she stated that the criminal justice system assumes that the government is responsible to address all stakeholder concerns. Pranis (2002) made mention of the skyrocketing cost of punishment, and noted that restorative justice required much less monetary investment as it is about healing and reparations. While Menkle-Medow (2007) stated that restorative justice is less costly and more efficient in monetary and deterrent effects. Due to the fact that restorative justice responds to crime and offences without utilising salaried members of the system (police, legal aid, lawyers, magistrates, clerical personnel, prison personnel, in-house counsellors and hospitals) and solutions within the system (correctional facilities, jails and hospitals) the cost of the offender and victim is much less (Marshall, 1999; Sherman Strang, 2007; Menkle-Medow, 2007). Even delays within the criminal justice system cause increases in cost. In a paper by the Barrow Cadbury Trust there are calculations showing the various costs and savings of diversions of cases from the criminal justice system to the restorative justice and juvenile system. It shows tremendous saving from these diversions in a period of one to five years. Diversions to restorative justice conferencing will realise a savings of  £7,050 per offender; diversions from custody to community orders via changes in sentencing guidelines will realise a savings of  £1,032 per offender and diversions fr om trial under adult law to trial under juvenile law following maturity assessment is likely to produce a lifetime cost saving to society of almost  £420 per offender (Barrow Cadbury Trust, 2009). This will produce significant savings over the life of some cases where preparatory time is high and the chances of winning the case is low This is summarised by Sherman and Strang (2007) in the following quote ..one is to reduce the use of courts for processes that fail to bring offenders to justice. A second is to reduce the use of prisons for offenders whose incarceration does not prevent total crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The unintended consequences coming out from the positive side of restorative justice as listed by the National Institute of Justice (2007) involves such things as the co-option of restorative process for coercive or punitive ends; undue offender orientation and the expansion of social control. However according to the National Institute of Justice (2007) these are to be resisted. From the above references and studies conducted restorative justice has shown itself to be not only cost effective but also very effective in reintegrating and re-establishing some sense of normalcy in the lives of some if not most of the victims which were involved in the process. More research needs to be conducted on the variables of restorative justice which in more countries to be able to come to firm and conclusive statements regarding the concept. This research will also bring conclusion to thoughts from Miers et al (2001) who says that restorative justice is time consuming and labour intensive beset by communication problems and delays. Even if restorative justice does not become a mainstream section of the system, it can quite possibly be integrated into the present criminal justice system to deal with offenders or criminals (Walgrave, 2007 p. 569). In this manner he is countered by Sherman Strang (2007) with the following summary views on the effectiveness of restorative j ustice: Crime victims who receive restorative justice do better, than victims who do not, across a wide range of outcomes, including post-traumatic stress. In many tests, offenders who receive restorative justice commit fewer repeat crimes than offenders who do not. In no large-sample test has restorative justice increased repeat offending compared with criminal justice Diversion from prosecution to RJ substantially increases the odds of an offender being brought to justice. Restorative justice can do as well as, or better than, short prison sentences, as measured by repeat offending. Restorative justice reduces stated victim desire for violent revenge against offenders. With these above successes the must be some place in the system for restorative justice.

Feminism Essay -- Women Rights Feminist Papers

Feminism The notion of difference among the sexes has been studied extensively in terms of cognition and brain activity. An MRI can back these claims, showing male and female brains 'lighting up' in different locations based upon different stimuli. Anyone with a close relationship to a child can attest to the fact that they were born with certain traits. Perhaps their nephew is very shy, while their niece has never met a stranger. In other words, some difference among individuals is innate, fundamental. This notion has been applied to studies in the animal world. Susan Allport, author of A Natural History of Parenting,, notes that "Males provide direct childcare in less than 5 percent of mammalian species, but in over 90 percent of bird species both male and female tend to their young." While researchers have focused on other species, they have been hesitant to apply this sort of lens to human families, largely because this sort of biological inherency does not directly align with the push fo r equality and equal rights that have been so important in recent history in the United States. Fundamentally, to state that biology creates difference in humans and that this sort of difference has the ability to manifest itself in divergent capabilities carries political and social risk for minority and oppressed groups. This has been a main tenet of the argument against difference feminism, yet even some of the most socially radical women have yet to abandon the importance of difference. This paper will examine the limitations of difference feminism, applying a critical lens to the discussion both for and against, with special attention to current political implications. The devaluation of care work in the United States will figure pr... ...es them the unique ability to directly affect the way in which their children view work and family. They may produce a new generation of "opt-in" women and an equally fair-minded generation of compatible men. Clearly, a division among women as to whether opting-out is revolutionary or limiting means that a shared sentiment within the discussion, and most likely policy solutions, still have a long time before they can be realized. It may be that the changes to the workplace that opt-out women desire may have to wait until this next generation, or perhaps longer. In the meantime, it would be careless to imagine that women who opt-out are simply incapable of participation and success in male-dominated spheres. Belkin poignantly addresses the element of rational choice, asking, "Why don't women run the world?" and answering, "perhaps it's because they don't want to."

Essay --

The Renaissance is my favorite part of history to learn about as the Renaissance was a time of rebirth that led to artistic and scientific enlightenment. Particularly in Painting, numerous of artist a rose creating new techniques and styles not used before such as fresco, tempera and oil paintings. Particulary the Works of the Italian Renaissance painter and architect Raphael,born Raffaello Sanzio on April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy and is now known for his most famous works in the Vatican in Rome, Italy. At the time of Raphale’s birth, Urbino was a cultural center that encouraged the Arts. Raphael’s father, Giovanni Santi, was a painter for the Duke of Urbino, Federigo da Montefeltro. Giovanni taught his young son Raphael basic painting techniques and exposed him to the principles of humanistic philosophy at the Duke of Urbino’s court. In 1494, when Raphael was just 11 years old, Giovanni died. Raphael then took over the daunting task of managing his father’s workshop. His success in this role quickly surpassed his father’s. Raphael was soon considered one of the finest painters in town. As a teen, he was even commissioned to paint for the Church of San Nicola in the neighboring town of Castello. In 1500 a master painter named Pietro Vannunci, otherwise known as Perugino, invited Raphael to become his apprentice in Perugia, in the Umbria region of central Italy. In Perugia, Perugino was working on frescoes at the Collegio del Cambia. The apprenticeship lasted four years and provided Raphael with the opportunity to gain both knowledge and hands-on experience. During this period, Raphael developed his own unique painting style, as exhibited in the religious works the Mond Crucifixion, The Three Graces, The Knigh... ...ld come to define the architectural style of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. On April 6, 1520, Raphael’s 37th birthday, he died suddenly and unexpectedly of mysterious causes in Rome, Italy. He had been working on his largest painting on canvas, The Transfiguration at the time of his death. When his funeral mass was held at the Vatican, Raphael's unfinished Transfiguration was placed on his coffin stand. Raphael’s body was interred at the Pantheon in Rome, Italy. Following his death, Raphael's movement toward Mannerism influenced painting styles in Italy’s advancing Baroque period. Celebrated for the balanced and harmonious compositions of his "Madonnas," portraits, frescoes and architecture, Raphael continues to be widely regarded as the leading artistic figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism.

Reflective Assignment on A Simulation for Cardiac Arrest Essay

Simulation-based nursing education has increased and become a more popular approach for clinicians or educators. It provides a real-life situational experience for students to practice skills, applies critical thinking and makes the decision throughout the simulation. This article is a reflection journal after a simulation for cardiac arrest. Reflection learning has been described as a process of critically reviewing experience from practice so that it may be used to inform and change future practice in a positive way (Bulman, 2008). In this simulation-based resuscitation reflection, the effectiveness of using of the Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) framework during communication between allied health care professionals, teamwork during resuscitation and methods of collecting history from patient and patient will be discussed. Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) framework. In this simulation, the nurse communicated with a physician by using traditional way to report patient’s condition via phone. Physician promoted and obtained information. SBAR is a communication model which includes Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. The use of SBAR promotes quality and patient safety by setting shared expectations in terms of what is communicated. SBAR allows for efficient and predictable sharing of information by creating a shared mental model (Shapiro, J. 2017). It has become very popular among healthcare setting, especially between physicians and nurses. It is an effective way of communication for healthcare professionals and allows for transferring of important information. The SBAR framework is considered by nurses and physicians to be an effective method for organizing the handoff report (Stewart, 2016). A study showed improved perceptions of communication in nurse-to-nurse and nurse-to-physician sceneries by using pre/ post-SBAR implementation questionnaires (Blom, Petersson, Hagell, & Westergren, 2015). Hailu, Kassahun, & Kerie (2016) founded that communication failure between nurse and physicians was one of the leading causes of preventable patient injuries, complications, death and medical malpractice claim. Use of SBAR framework has been a method which can overcome this communication problem, Thus, using of SBAR framework has two major implication in future. First, nursing education should include appropriate use of SBAR framework which can be used for effective communication at clinical areas (Stewart, & Hand, 2016). Same education will provide the same perception of SBAR framework and provide better application of this framework. Second, Stewart and Hand (2016) also suggested that SBAR framework should be applied by nurses as a guideline for all handover communication between nurses and physicians, inter/intra department or institutions. Inpatient safety, effective communication during patient handoffs is the nursing priority (The Joint Commission, 2015). TEAMWORK In this simulation, endotracheal intubation was done in different manners. In the first team, all members did endotracheal intubation and stopped chest compression. In second group one person struggled and did an endotracheal intubation. Teamwork was not done in this simulation. As this procedure should need two persons at least. Teamwork and leadership were lacked. Resuscitation is a stressful, time-pressured procedure, and unfortunately if often futile. Care of a patient in the emergency setting is particularly prone to errors and adverse events for a variety of reasons. These include the time-pressured decision making, increased rate of patient interventions, and the fact that teams are â€Å"assembled† by the emergency call that may have never worked together, or even met each other, before. (Walker, 2013). Even though there were a well-known cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) algorithms among health care professionals, the results of CPR were remained poor (Hunziker, Johansson, Tschan, Semmer, Rock, Howell, & Marsch, 2011). Hunziker et al. (2011) indicated some other factors like teamwork and leadership affect the application of CPR algorithm and hence the performance of CPR, besides the technical skills of the resuscitation team members. Research has shown that teamwork and leadership training has been shown to improve subsequent team performance during resuscitation (Hunziker et al., 2011). History taking History was taken from a patient in this simulation. The nurse used OLDCART known as O-Onset, L-Location, D-Duration, C-Characteristics, A- Aggravating factors, R-Relieving factors, T-Treatment to obtain a history of present illness from the patient. Nursing care encompasses knowledge, skill, and competence to enable holistic patient assessment (Office of the Chief Nursing Officer (OCNO) (Ireland), 2016). Professional nursing care involves capturing, analyzing and interpreting patient information (OCNO, 2016), initially through the patient’s health history. Obtaining a detailed clinical history is a core competency of many advanced nursing roles (National Council for the Professional Development of Nursing and Midwifery (NCNM) (Ireland), 2008; Tagney and Younker, 2012; Apau, 2010; Quigley and Martin, 2013), in combination with the advanced physical assessment. Taking a comprehensive health history is a core competency of the advanced nursing role. The purpose of the health history is to source important and intimate knowledge about the patient, their lifestyle, social supports, medical history and health concerns, with the history of presenting illness as the focus and allow the nurse and patient to establish a therapeutic relationship ( Ingram, 2017). At the beginning of history taking, the nurse had established a therapeutic relationship with the patient. During assessing of chest pain, pain score was used to evaluate the severity of pain. This provided a common language between nurses and physicians. CONCLUSION Errors in communication continue to be a contributing factor in adverse patient events in healthcare systems (The Joint Commission, 2015). The systemic nature of the problem of miscommunication between healthcare providers supports the need for a standardized communication method. The SBAR tool is a simple, effective method for communication that operates across disciplines and is well- received by healthcare professionals (Blom et al., 2015; Nagammal et al., 2017). Use of the SBAR tool thus should be implemented systematically to improve healthcare communication and create a safer patient care environment. A study had shown that communication was still affected due to structure absence, loss of information and low adherence after implementation (Ludikhuize, de Jonge, & Goossens, 2011). As part of professional obligation and for a better outcome of patients, nurses and physician should discuss their communication level while giving care to the patient, communicate openly, in mutual professional respect, and share patient’s information. Moreover, these professional needs play a vital role in creating smooth and a well-defined communication channel (Hailu, Kassahun, & Kerie, 2016). Teamwork is an essential non-technical skill in the perioperative environment. Along with other key factors, it plays a vital role in safe and effective practice and should be fostered and encouraged through appropriate training and education. The model of teamwork training best suited to the perioperative environment is less clear. Great care must be taken to ensure that any model used offers the maximum benefit to patients and staff in terms of perioperative safety. Superimposing popular management techniques and training models from other sectors onto this inter-disciplinary, time and safety critical environment may not achieve the desired outcomes or represent the good use of limited resources. Recommendations It is clear that more research is required into what is the best model of teamwork training for the perioperative environment. While there have been some controlled studies, a methodology for robust RCTs must be developed in order to bridge the existing knowledge gaps around the clinical effects of teamwork training. Similarly, longer-term effects and the level of need for ongoing training and mentorship must be established. The key recommendation, however, relates to inter-disciplinary team training at the pre-clinical stage. The evidence set out in this paper suggests that inter-disciplinary training in simulation offers a range of benefits to perioperative staff, particularly in the areas of communication, cooperation, and team building. Similarly, interdisciplinary learning in healthcare education appears to promote collaborative working and greater understanding of professional roles. In the experience of the author, however, medical students do not take part in the simulated perioperative exercises which are a key aspect of the training and education of operating department practitioners. The integration of medical students at this level is something which is highlighted in the literature as potentially important in breaking down stereotypes and challenging the establishment of the medical hierarchy. Introducing interdisciplinary training which includes medical students, nursing students, ODP stude nts and allied healthcare students working together in simulated scenarios, could help to demystify aspects of the perioperative environment and to address barriers to teamwork and communication before they become established. Further research is required to explore the optimum form and duration of this approach to learning and to establish what if any, effects this has on the future clinical practice of participants. In this respect, the student environment would serve as an excellent testing ground. Roche, F. (2016) We propose that further studies on the effects of team interactions on the performance of complex medical emergency interventions such as resuscitation are needed. Future efforts to better understand the influence of team factors (e.g., team member status, team hierarchy, handling of human errors), individual factors (e.g., sex differences, perceived stress), and external factors (e.g., equipment, algorithms, institutional characteristics) on team performance in resuscitation situations are critical to improve CPR performance and medical outcomes of patients. (Hunziker et al., 2011).

Value Chain

Value Chain Analysis ******** Diagram ********* The above model demonstrates the principal element of Value Chain Analysis for an organization such as Easyjet. The integration of the above elements ultimately delivers great margin potential and thus the ideal high profitability status. I will provide a detailed analysis of this model to highlight the core capabilities of Easyjet: Infrastructure Main headquarters based in Luton. Provides excellent communication with motorways, railway lines and bus access Low overheads Paperless office No ticketing system with posted ticket Simple distribution channel management (through the Internet or call centers) Low airport costs (minimal time of aircraft on the ground), thus achieving economies of scale Financial resource investment initially supported by Haji-loannou HR Management Haji-loannou, high profile entrepreneur (shipping tycoon background), Hands-on-approach from Haji-loannou – looking for opportunities to diversify and expand, Innovative marketing terms for marketing communications to date. Technology Development Booking through the Internet (higher margins, with a more manageable, simplistic system) Strong reputation for being an airline where bookings are made via the phone or Internet. Procurement Easy purchase system in place for flight bookings Negotiated low cost airport fees Simple staff uniforms No tedious ticketing system in place Below you will find a commentary on how these key elements are also integrated into the Easyjet business and further, how the strengths can be used to develop and extend the Easyjet brand. Inbound Logistics Excellent communication system in place at airports and easy flight booking policy/payment methods convey an image of convenience – a key benefit to consumers Operations and Outbound Logistics Good marketing strategy – ‘we have the best’ approach Partnerships and promotional tie-ins with the mass media High profile PR strategy (for example: the PR stunt against Robert Ayling, Chief Executive of British Airways and its budget airline â€Å"GO† – gains cheap PR coverage) Fine targeting of attractive segments emerging e. . utilization of casual uniforms. However, safety is always a critical concern and is up to par with the standards of other airlines. Service Convenience and simplicity are of integral importance Affordable, frequent, reliable, safe slots are offered to an increasing number of new destinations No frills and/or complications are associated with the travel experience. Conclusion Clearly Easyjet has some at tractive core capabilities that have been established in the marketplace and are perceived as ultimately beneficial to the consumer. The Value Chain Analysis highlights those elements of the business that can be integrated or fine-tuned (through for example ‘just in time’ systems, quality standards and relationship marketing) in order to achieve the overall objectives of high margins, profitability and market share. Perceived superior services or products, market knowledge, industry contacts, legal advantages (patents, copyrights) perceived high value brands, low overheads, economies of scale and an offensive marketing approach are some of the key factors / elements for sustaining a competitive advantage and indeed promoting the Easyjet family of companies.

Antonym Brutes

So remember when you are making a decision, think to yourself if there will be a consequence involved that can change your life. He lives by his wiles as well as his courage. He is an intellectual. Often he openly valuates a situation, demonstrating the logic he employs in making his choices. When it proves effective, Odysseus lies to his own family, cheats, steals, in ways that we would not expect from an epic hero. Although he IS self disciplined, his courtesy is sometimes the root of his trouble.He is willing to pay a price for knowledge, for example: he insists on hearing sirens call, even though he must have himself excruciatingly strapped to the mast of his ship so that he cannot give in to the temptation. Teeter's decision of going in the kayak by herself can bring great consequences. If she ever drowns, there loud be nobody by her side to save her, and if doesn't have a phone then nobody could come help her, unless she screams for help. Since she goes far, her parents might n ot be able to hear her.Also her disability could bring dangers, including falling out, or if the waves get big for the boat to fall over. Teeter's parents should be aware of the consequences that could happen along with her decision and her parents should always help her be prepared and be aware. Brutes and his inconsistent behavior and actions lead to his death, and brought many consequences. When he knows that he will be featured by Antonym, Brutes does not ask anybody to kill him, but instead he asks if one of the soldiers will hold a sword for him to kill himself with.Because of his decision to join the assassination, Brutes loses everything that mattered to him. He fails to follow the experience of cassias, and listen to his recommendations. In conclusion, consequences can be unpleasant, and unwelcoming to anybody on this planet. Odysseus, Teresa, and Brutes all faced consequences from there decisions made, and should have decided on something different that would bring peace a nd happiness. When faced a consequent, you might just have to bare it.

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula In grammar, zero copula refers to the absence of an explicit auxiliary verb (usually a form of the verb be) in certain constructions where it is customarily found in standard English. Also called copula deletion  or understood copula. In their book Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English (Wiley, 2000), John R. Rickford and Russell J. Rickford note that the zero copula is one of the most distinctive and identity-affirming characteristics of ​African-American Vernacular English  (AAVE). Examples and Observations I dont say stuff to people most of the time. Mostly I just look at them like they stupid.(Katherine S. Newman, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. Random House, 2000)Why she cant come to me? Fanny asked as she passed Mercy off to a neighbor so she could walk faster. Where she been? Where she at now? Fanny asked, wringing her hands. She knew something was wrong.(Bernice L. McFadden, This Bitter Earth. Plume, 2002)The Zero Copula in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)One of the most interesting characteristics of AAE is the . . . use of the zero copula. As [William] Labov (1969) has explained, the rule for its use is really quite simple. If you can contract be in SE [Standard English], you can delete it in AAE. That is, since He is nice can be contracted to Hes nice in SE, it can become He nice in AAE. Likewise, But everybodys not black can become But everybody not black. . . .We should note that the zero copula is very rarely found in the speech of whites, even poor southern whites. Not all blacks use it either.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) ​\ Factors Governing the Use of the Zero Copula [Toya A.] Wyatt (1991) found that AAE preschoolers were more likely to use zero copula: after pronoun subjects (56%) rather than noun subjects (21%); before locative predicates (35%) and adjective predicates (27%) rather than noun predicates (18%); and in second person singular and plural predicates (45%) rather than third person singular predicates (19%). In addition, the zero copula occurred less than 1% of the time in past tense, first person singular, and final clause contexts. This suggests that as early as three years of age, AAE child speakers not only acquire the basic grammatical features of AAE but also the language-specific variable rules that govern their use (Wyatt 1996).(Toya A. Wyatt, Childrens Acquisition and Maintenance of AAE. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, ed. by Sonja L. Lanehart. John Benjamins, 2001) I hold Jinggaya. Jinggaya, you all right? I ask. I got bad fear she hurt.Yes, yes, she say. I all right. You all right?(Andrew Parkin, A Thing Apart. Troubador, 2002) Zero Copula and Pidgins Zero copula is probably the single feature most readily associated with pidgins. . . . However, it is not an exclusively pidgin feature by any means. . . . Thus, while zero copula may exist, or have existed at some time, in all pidgins, it is not a feature which distinguishes pidgins from other languages.(Philip Baker, Some Developmental Inferences From Historical Studies of Pidgins and Creoles. The Early Stages of Creolization, ed. by Jacques Arends. John Benjamins, 1995) Suddenly the managers boy put his insolent black head in the doorway, and said in a tone of scathing contemptMistah Kurtzhe dead.(Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1903)